Maintaining an adequate level of protein in the diet is important for your cattle. It is needed to maintain the optimal function of rumen microbes. These microbes are what break down the complex carbohydrates that are found in dry forage. Without this optimal level of protein, the rumen cannot adequately digest poor-quality forages.
When it comes to developing a cost-effective supplement program there are 2 things to identify. The first is to identify the nutrient or nutrients that are limited. The next thing to know is how to provide that supplementation at the lowest cost possible. There are many options that you can go with when it comes to supplements including using protein tubs for your animals.
Why need to supplement with protein tubs?
As forage quality decreases like with maturation or even drought the level of protein provided also decreases. Most of the protein found in the plant is associated with photosynthesis. Once the plant matures and is no longer photosynthesizing it will turn brown because it no longer has chlorophyll. It is at this stage that the protein level of the plant will be at its lowest.
The amount of protein that is required will depend on the age and stage of production of that animal. For example, a mature dry cow can most likely get by on a diet that is only 7-9% crude protein. Her rumen microbes can still utilize the amino acids and proteins inside the plants. For younger or lactating animals you will need more energy and protein, especially the protein, to supply the microbes.
If your forages are under 7% crude protein, which is likely with the current drought conditions, then you likely will not have enough to support the animal without supplementing. Adding a protein tub is one way that a producer can supplement their herd during this time.
Frequency of supplementation
The amount of time that you have to feed supplements should be taken into account when developing any plan. The amount of time that you spend feeding can affect animal response. Feeding smaller amounts of protein more frequently will decrease the potential for negative impacts on forage intake. Providing a high-protein supplement once a week will have the same effect.
Supplements containing 30-40% protein can be delivered less frequently than every day. This will mean there is less labor needed than feeding every day. An idea to reduce labor and delivery costs when feeding high-protein supplements is to feed twice a week. You can target 1lbs per head per day intake by feeding 3.5 lbs twice a week.
Why should I use protein tubs?
Consumption rates for tubs range from 1/2lb to 2lbs per day. Based on the brand and formulation, the amount consumed will vary. This makes them an economical choice for the smallest producer up to the largest cow-calf operation. It is possible to provide your cattle with multiple tub sizes so that they will consume the feed quickly.
Good tubs will have a limiter built into them in order to prevent overconsumption. As a general rule, most animals will only eat what their bodies require to sustain a proper energy balance. Protein tubs allow your animals to regulate what they consume when they need it. This takes away the guesswork out of top-dressing and mixing supplements into rations.
Individuals can choose protein tubs based on their specific needs or the types of animals they wish to feed. For example, cattle grazing on lower-quality pastures may need extra protein. While nursing cows often need a boost in calcium and fat.
Because tubs have a long shelf life along with taking up relatively little space they can be an economical way to supplement cattle. It is often possible to save money by ordering a larger amount of tubs and storing them until needed. This also allows for rotating them throughout the year. This is helpful if your nutrient requirements change, as always seems to happen. An example of this would be using high-energy tubs for colder months and more mineral-dense ones for the hotter months.
Types of tubs available
-
Pressed blocks
- These are made by blending the ingredients together and conditioning them with steam
- Mix is then compressed under 2,000-3,000psi
- Can be found in 33 to 250lbs blocks as well as a 50lbs mineral block
- Depending on the hardness can have an average daily intake of 1-4lbs per head per day
-
Chemically hardened blocks
- These tubs are made by combining liquid and dry ingredients into a slurry
- The slurry is then poured into a cardboard box are a plastic tub and then allowed to cure
- A chemical reaction between water and metal oxides (usually calcium oxide or magnesium oxide) is what causes it to harden
- The hardness can be altered by changing the concentration of the metal oxides
- Normal consumption will average between 1 to 3lbs per head per day
-
Low moisture (cooked) blocks and tubs
- This process is the most expensive to make
- Liquid ingredients are heated to 240-280 degrees F
- After that, it undergoes a vacuum process to remove moisture
- Mixing it with dry ingredients and pouring it into a container (like a plastic tub) is the next step.
- Average daily intake can vary from 0.5- 1.5lbs per head per day
If you are interested in learning more about these specific groups then you can check out an article by Texas AgriLife Extension “Block and Tub Supplements for Grazing Beef Cattle”.
How to use tubs properly
Now that you have decided to use a protein tub it is now time to discuss how best to use them. First off you will want to do is to determine just how many you will need. Typically you will feed at a rate of one tub per 15-30 head of cattle. If you are using multiple tubs then place them at a minimum of 10 feet apart to prevent crowding.
Next place them near areas where cows frequent. These will be areas like near water troughs or where they like to lounge around at. The cattle will find it and consume it if it is close to where they are.
Lastly, monitor intake to ensure proper consumption. You can move the tub either closer or farther away to adjust consumption. Once the cattle start going to it regularly then you can move it to encourage grazing in more underutilized areas. I go into more detail about this kind of thing in a previous post “Better grazing with supplements”.